mukesh bisht: 2011

Thursday, December 8, 2011

turbo generator

ON MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF TURBO GENERATOR(At BHEL Haridwar) Submitted To:- Submitted By:- HOD (EEE) Mukesh Bisht Reg. No.-10906770 Roll No.-E38T2B10 Section-E38T2 TRAINING REPORT SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED HARIDWAR, (UTTARAKHAND) -CONTENTS- • INTRODUCTION. • BHEL - A Brief Profile. • BHEL - An Overview. • HEAVY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT PLANT (HEEP). • TURBO GENRATOR. • COILS AND INSULATION. • PROJECT UNDERTAKEN (DETAILS)- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF TURBO-GENERATOR. • REFERNCES. INTRODUCTION- BHEL was established more than 50 years ago when its first plant was setup in Bhopal ushering in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment Industry in India. A dream which has been more than realized with a well recognized track record of performance it has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72 and will achieve a turnover of Rs 134,000 crore for the plan year 2012, showing a growth of 50% in the plan. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited is country Navratna company and has earned its place among very prestigious national and international companies. It finds place among the top class companies of the world for manufacture of electrical equipments. BHEL caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power Generation's & Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Telecommunication, Renewable Energy, Defense, etc. BHEL has already attained ISO 9000 certification for quality management, and ISO 14001 certification for environment management and OHSAS 18001 certification for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. The Company today enjoys national and international presence featuring in the Fortune International 500´ and is ranked among the top 10 companies in the world, manufacturing power generation equipment. BHEL is the only PSU among the 12 Indian companies to figure in Forbes Asia Fabulous 50´ list. Probably the most significant aspect of BHELs growth has been its diversification .The constant reorientation of the organization to meet the varied needs in time with a philosophy that has led to total development of a total capability from concepts to commissioning not only in the field of energy but also in industry and transportation. In the world power scene BHEL ranks among the top ten manufacturers of power plant equipments not only in spectrum of products and services offered, it is right on top. BHELs technological excellence and turnkey capabilities have won it worldwide recognition. Over 40 countries in world over have placed orders with BHEL covering individual equipment to complete power station on turnkey basis. BHEL - A BRIEF PROFILE- BHEL is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India in the energy related infrastructure sector today. The wide network of BHEL's 14 manufacturing division, four power Sector regional centers, over 150 project sites, eight service centers and 18 regional offices, enables the Company to promptly serve its customers and provide them with suitable products, systems and services efficiently and at competitive prices. While the company contributes more than 75% of the national grid, interest share of 45% comes from its single unit. And this is none other than BHEL HARIDWAR. BHEL has:- • Installed equipment for over 90,000MW of power generation for utilities captive and industrial users. • Supplied over 2, 25,000 MVA transformer capacity and other equipment operating in transmission and distribution network up to 400 kV (AC &DC). • Supplied over 25,000 motors with drive control systems to power projects, petrochemicals, refineries, steel, aluminum, fertilizers, cement plants etc. • Supplied Traction electrics and AC/DC locos to power over 12,000 kms railway network. • Supplied over one million valves to power plants and other industries. BHEL (An Overview)- BHEL today is the largest Engineering Enterprise of its kind in India with excellent track record of performance, making profits continuously since 1971-72. BHEL's vision is to become a world-class engineering enterprise, committed to enhancing stakeholder value. The company is striving to give shape to its aspirations and fulfill the expectations of the country to become a global player. BHEL business operations cater to core sectors of Indian Economy. • Power • Industry • Transportation • Transmission • Defenses etc. The greatest strength of BHEL is its highly skilled and committed 60,000 employees. Every employee is given an equal opportunity to develop himself and grow in his career. Continuous training and retraining, career planning, a positive work culture and participative style of management all these have engendered development of a committed and motivated workforce setting new benchmarks in terms of productivity, quality and responsiveness. POWER SECTOR- Power generation sector comprises thermal, gas, hydro and nuclear power plant business. BHEL supplied utility sets accounts to 87,646 MW 65% of the total installed capacity of 1,38,175 MW in the country , as against nil in 1969 -70. As part of India’s largest Solar Power-based Island Electrification Project in India, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) has successfully commissioned two Grid-Interactive Solar Power Plants of 100 KW each in Lakshadweep. With this, the company has commissioned a total of eleven Solar Power Plants in the Lakshadweep islands, adding over 1 MW of Solar Power to the power generating capacity of the coral islands in the Arabian Sea. • BHEL has proven turnkey capabilities for executing power projects from concept to commissioning and manufactures boilers, thermal turbine generator sets and auxiliaries up to 500MW. • It possesses the technology and capability to procure thermal power generation up to 1000MW. • Co- generation and combined cycle plants have also been introduced. • For the efficient use of high ash content co al BHEL supplies circulating fluidized boiler. • BHEL manufacturers 235MW nuclear sets and has also commenced production of 500MW nuclear turbine generator sets. Custom made hydro sets of Francis, pelton and kaplan types for different head discharge combination are also engineering and manufactured by BHEL. In, all 700 utility sets of thermal, hydro, gas and nuclear have been placed on the company as on date. The power plant equipment manufactured by BHEL is based on contemporary technology comparable to the best in the world and is also internationally competitive. The Company has proven expertise in Plant Performance Improvement through renovation modernization and up rating of variety of power plant equipment besides specialized know how of residual life assessment, health diagnostics and life extension of plants. POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION- BHEL offer wide-ranging products and systems for T & D applications Products. They manufactured include power transformers, instrument transformers, dry type transformers, series and shunt reactor, capacitor tanks, vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers gas insulated switch gears and insulators. A strong engineering base enables the Company to undertake turnkey delivery of Electric substances up to 400 kV level series compensation systems (for increasing power transfer capacity of transmission lines and improving system stability and voltage regulation ,shunt compensation systems (for power factor and voltage improvement) and HVDC systems (for economic transfer of bulk power). BHEL has indigenously developed t he state-of-the-art controlled shunt reactor (for reactive power management on long transmission lines). Presently a 400 kV Facts (Flexible AC Transmission System) project under execution. INDUSTRY SECTOR- BHEL is a major contributor of equipment and system to important industries like • Cement • Petrochemicals • Fertilizers • Steel papers • Refineries • Mining and telecommunication BHEL has indigenously developed the state-of-the-art controlled shunt reactor (for reactive power management on long transmission lines). Presently a 400 KV FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) projects is under execution.) The range of system and equipment supplied includes:- • Captive power plants • High speed industrial drive turbines • Industrial boilers and auxiliaries • Waste heat recovery boilers • Gas turbine pump, valves, seamless steel tubes • Heat exchangers • Process control etc. TRANSPORTATION- BHEL is involved in the development design, engineering, marketing, production, installation, and maintenance and after-sales service of Rolling Stock and traction propulsion systems. In the area of rolling stock, BHEL manufactures electric locomotives up to 5000 HP, diesel-electric locomotives from 350 HP to 3100 HP, both for mainline and shunting duly applications. BHEL is also producing rolling stock for special applications viz., overhead equipment cars, Special well wagons, Rail-cum-road vehicle etc., Besides traction propulsion systems for in house use, BHEL manufactures traction propulsion systems for other rolling stock producers of electric locomotives, diesel-electric locomotives, electrical multiple units and metro cars. The electric and diesel traction equipment on India Railways are largely powered by electrical propulsion systems produced by BHEL. The company also undertakes retooling and overhauling of rolling stock in the area of urban transportation systems. BHEL is geared up to turnkey execution of electric trolley bus systems, light rail systems etc. BHEL is also diversifying in the area of port handing equipment and pipelines transportation systems. TELECOMMUNICATION- BHEL also caters to telecommunication sector by way of small, medium and large switching system. HEAVY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT PLANT(HARIDWAR)- At Haridwar, against the picturesque back ground of Shivalik Hills, two important manufacturing units of BHEL are located viz. Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant (HEEP) & Central Foundry Forge Plant (CFFP). The hum of the construction machinery working started under Shivalik Hills during early 60s and sowed the seeds of one o f the greatest symbol of Indo Soviet Collaboration Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant. Consequent upon the technical collaboration between India and USSR in 1959 BHELs prestigious unit, Heavy Electrical Equipment plant (HEEP), was established in October, 1963, at Hardwar. It started manufacturing thermal sets in 1967 and now thermal sets of 210, 250 and 500 MW, including steam turbines, turbo -generators, condensers and all associated equipments, are being manufactured. This unit is capable of manufacturing thermal sets up to 1000 MW. HEEP-manufactured gas turbines, hydro turbines and generators, etc., are not only successfully generating electrical energy within and outside the country, but have also achieved a historic record of the best operational availability. VISION- World-class, innovative, competitive and profitable engineering enterprise providing total global business solutions. MISSION- The leading Indian engineering enterprise providing quality products systems and services in the fields of energy, transportation, infrastructure and other potential areas. VALUES- • Meeting commitments made to external and internal customers. • Foster learning creativity and speed of response. • Respect for dignity and potential of individuals. • Loyalty and pride in the company. • Team playing • Zeal to excel • Integrity and fairness in all matters. ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES- • Established in 1960s under the Indo-Soviet Agreements of 1959 and 1960 in the area of Scientific, Technical and Industrial Cooperation. • DRR prepared in 1963 -64, construction started from October '63. • Initial production of Electric started from January, 1967. • Major construction / erection / commissioning completed by 1971-72.as per original DPR scope. • Stamping Unit added later during 1968 to 1972. • Annual Manufacturing capacity for Thermal sets was expanded from 1500 MW to 3500 MW under LSTG. Project during 1979-85 (Sets up to 500 MW, extensible to 1000/1300 MW unit sizes with marginal addition in facilities with the collaboration of M/s KWU-Siemens, Germany. • Motor manufacturing technology updated with Siemens collaboration during 1984-87. • Facilities being modernized continually through Replacements / Reconditioning-Retrofitting, Technological / operational balancing. CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS- • Haridwar is in extreme weather zone of the UTTARAKHAND and temperature varies from 2 degree in Winter (December to January) to 45 degree in Summer (April-June); Relative humidity 20% during dry season to 95-96 % during rainy season. • Height above Mean Sea Level = 275 meters. • Situated within 60 to 100 KMs o f Foot-hills of the Central Himalayan Ranges; Ganges flows down within 7 KMs from the Factory area. • HEEP located around 7 km on the western side of Haridwar city. POWER & WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM- • 40 MVA sanctioned Electric Power connection from UPC Grid (132 KV / 11KV / 6.6 KV) (Connected load ± around 185 MVA). • 26 deep submersible Tube Wells with O.H. Tanks for water supply. • A 12 MW captive thermal power station is located in the factory premises. MAIN PRODUCTS- • Steam Turbines • Hydro Turbines • Gas Turbines • Turbo Generators • Medium Size Motors DIFFERENT BLOCKS AT HEEP- PLANT FACILITES: S.No. Area/ Block Major Facilities Products 1. Block I Machine Shop, Turbo (Electrical Windings bar, Generator, Machines) Preparation assembling, Generator, Painting section, Exciter, Packing& preservation, Motor. Over speed balancing, Test bed test stand, Babbiting, micalastic Impregnation etc. 2. Block II Markings, welding, Large size (Fabrication Cutting, straightening, fabricated Block) gas cutting press, assemblies/ Grinding, assembly, heat components Treatment, cleaning & for power Shot blasting, equipments. Machining, fabrication Of pipe coolers, painting. 3. Block III Machining, facing wax Steam turbine (Turbines & melting, broaching, ,Gas turbine, Auxiliary Block) assembly preservation & Hydro turbine Packing, test stands/ turbine blade Station, painting special tooling 4. Block IV Bar winding, mechanical Windings for (Feeder assembly, armature turbo Block) winding, sheet metal generators, working marching, hydro copper profile drawing generator electroplating, insulation for AC impregnation, & DC motor machining & preparation insulating of insulating component for components plastic TG,HG & molding, press molding motor. And the other Blocks are: • Block 5:- Major Facilities:- Fabrication, pneumatic, hammer for forgings, gas fired furnaces, hydraulic manipulators. Products:- Fabricated parts of steam turbine, water box, storage tank hydro turbine parts, hydro turbines assemblers & Components. • Block VI-(Fabrication):- Major Facilities:- Welding, drilling, shot blasting, CNC flame cutting ,CNC deep drilling, Shot basting, sheet metal work, assembly. Products:- Fabricated parts of steam turbine water box, stronger tanks, hydro turbine parts, Hydro turbines assemblies & components, • Block VII-( Stamping & Die Manufacturing):- Major Facilities:- Machining, turning, grinding, jig boring stamping presses, de varnishing, degreasing & de rusting, varnishing sport welding, painting. Products:- Wooden packing, spacers etc. • Block VIII-(Wood working):- Major Facilities:- Wood Cutting, machines, grinding , packing. Products:- Wooden packing, spacers etc. • Block IX:- Major Facilities:- Drilling ,turning, saw, cutting, welding, welding. Products:- LP Heater, ejectors glad, steam cooler, oil coolers, ACG coolers, oil tanks, bearing covers. • Services plant:- Major Facilities:- TPS : Power generation equipment & auxiliaries plat capacity 12 MW , PGP Plat : Boiler Type gas generators, Acetylene Plat : A fully automated plant for acetylene generation & filling in cylinder, Compressor House: 4 No. Compressors of rating 100 m2 / min, Oxygen Plat : 3 air separation unit 4 air compressors , 132 KV substation : 2 Nose 16.7 MVA/ 11 KV, one no. 20 MVA & one no. 12.5 MVA 132/6.6 KV transformer & other allied equipment Products:- Power generation, producer gas, acetylene gas , Compressed air, oxygen, nitrogen gas, power supply • Motor transport:- Major Facilities:- A fleet of vehicles comprising of cars, jeeps trekkers, buses, mini buses, motorcycles , fire tenders trucks etc. Products:- Transport service. • Telecommunication:- Major Facilities:- A 2000 line main exchange for internal communication, 3 no Satellite exchange. Products:- Telephone service. • Hydro Turbine Lab:- Major Facilities:- electronic instrumentation. It consists of cavitations test bed for reactions turbine & hydrodynamic test bed for Impulse turbines facilities for carrying out filed test at hydro power sets. Products:- Testing of turbine models. • HRDC:- Major Facilities:- Class room with audiovisual facilities workshop with facilities for turnings fitting machining, weeding, electrical work, carpentry work. Products:- Training to Employees, VTs Apprentices, Contractors & customer. • Engineering CAD:- Major Facilities:- Work stations, personal computer reprographic facilities like ammonia printing, semi dry printing machine, Xerox process, micro filming facilities. Products:- Design and drawings of all products. • Computer Center:- Major Facilities:- ICIMs series 39 DX level 270-320 computer system HCL magnum mini computer system , ESPL SM 32 minicomputer Nexus 3500 CAE work station, PCs etc. Products:- IT services • CPL (Central Plant Lab):- Major Facilities:- Testing Lab for new materials & sample components ELECTRICAL MACHINES BLOCK (BLOCK-I) INTRODUCTION- • Block-I is designed to manufacturing Turbo Generators, Hydro generators and large and medium size AC and DC Electrical machines. • The Block consist of 4 bays: Bay-1 (36*482 meters), Bay-2 (36*360 meters) and Bay-3 and Bay-4 of size 24 *360 meters each. For handling and transporting the various components over-head Crane facilities are available, depending upon the products manufactured in each Bay. There are also a number of self-propelled electrically-driven transfer trolleys for the inter- bay movement of components /assemblies. • Conventional bay -wise broad distribution of products is as follows: BAY ROTOR ROTOR SHAFT ROTOR OVER SPEED LARGE 1 SHAFT SLOTTING WINDING AND TURBO MACHINING BALANCING GENER. TUNNEL BAY EXCITER STATOR BODY STATOR TOTAL TEST BED 2 SHAFT MACHINING WINDING IMPREGNATION MACHINING BAY ROTOR SHAFT SEAL DC 3 SUPPORT BODY MOTOR BEARING WINDING BAY COOLING ARRANGEMENT 4 FANS AND OTHER MACHINING PARTS BASIC TURBO GENERATOR DEPARTMENTS: - • MACHINE SHOP. • T/G ROTOR WINDING. • H/G IRON ASSEMBLY. • EXCITER. • T/G STATOR WINDING. • TOTAL IMPREGNATION TECHNIQUE. • T/G IRON ASSEMBLY. • T/G MAIN ASSEMBLY. • L.S.T.G ROTOR WINDING. • L.S.T.G STATOR WINDING. • L.S.T.G MAIN ASSEMBLY. • TEST BED. TURBO GENERATOR- Turbo generator or A.C. generators or alternators operates on the fundamental principles of electromagnetic induction in them the standard construction consists of armature winding mounted on stationary element called stator and field windings on rotating element called rotor The stator consists of a cast-iron frame , which supports the armature core , having slots on its inner periphery for housing the armature conductors. The rotor is like a flywheel having alternating north and south poles fixed to its outer rim. The magnetic poles are excited with the help of an exciter mounted on the shaft of alternator itself. Because the field magnets are rotating the current is supplied through two slip rings. As magnetic poles are alternately N and S, they induce an e.m.f and hence current in armature conductors. The frequency of e.m.f depends upon the no. of N and S poles moving past a conductor in 1 second and whose direction is given by Fleming’s right hand rule. SYNOPSIS OF THE FUNCTION OF T.G.- 1. The generator is driven by a prime mover which is steam turbine in this case. 2. The other side of generator is provided by a rotating armature of an exciter which produces A.C. voltage. This is rectified to D.C. by using a rotating diode wheel. 3. The rear end of above exciter armature is mounted by a permanent magnet generator rotor. 4. As the above system is put into operation, the PMG produces A.C. voltage. 5. The voltage is rectified by thyristor circuit to D.C. 6. This supply is given to exciter field. This field is also controlled by taking feedback from main generator terminal voltage, to control exciter field variation by automatic voltage regulator. The rectified DC supply out of exciter is supplied to turbo generator rotor winding either through brushes or central which will be directly connected to turbo generator. This depends on the type of exciter via DC commutator machines or brushes exciter. 7. The main A.C. voltage is finally available at the stator of Turbo Generator. LARGE SIZE TURBO GENERATOR (LSTG)- In these types of generators steam turbine does the function of prime mover which rotates the rotor of LSTG and the field winding is supplied D.C. by an exciter. (LSTG AREA) Main types of T.G. are:- • THRI • TARI • THDI • THDD • THDF • THFF • 1st letter = (Here T) = 3 phase Turbo Generator. • 2nd letter = (Here H or A) = medium present for generator cooling (H=Hydrogen and A or L=Air). • 3rd letter = (type of rotor cooling employed) = (R= radial, F= direct water cooling, D= direct axial gas cooling). • 4th letter = type of as used for stator winding cooling = (I= indirect gas cooling, D= direct gas cooling, F= direct water cooling). COMPONENTS OF TURBO GENERATOR- • STATOR 1. Stator frame. 2. Stator core. 3. Stator winding. 4. End covers. • ROTOR 1. Rotor shaft 2. Rotor windings 3. Rotor retaining rings. • BEARINGS • COOLING SYSTEM • EXCITATION SYSTEM STATOR- The generator stator is a tight construction supporting and enclosing stator winding, core and hydrogen cooling medium. Hydrogen is contained within the frame and circulated by fans mounted at either end of rotor. The generator is driven by a direct coupled steam turbine at the speed of 3000 rpm. The generator is designed for continuous rated output. Temperature detector or other devices installed or connected within the machine, permits the winding core and hydrogen temperature, pressure and purity in machine. STATOR FRAME- The stator frame is used for housing armature conductors. It is made of cylindrical section with two end shields which are gas tight and pressure resistant. The stator frame accommodates the electrically active parts of stator i.e. the stator core and the stator winding. The fabricated inner cage is inserted in the outer frame after the stator has been constructed and the winding completed. Figure showing the stator frame- STATOR CORE- The stator core is stacked from the insulated electrical sheet steel lamination and mounted in supporting rings over the insulated dovetail guide bars. In order to minimize eddy current losses core is made of thin laminations. Each lamination layer is made of individual sections. The ventilation ducts are imposed so as to distribute the gas accurately over the core and in particularly to give adequate support to the teeth. The main features of core are- 1. To provide mechanical support. 2. To carry efficiently electric, magnetic flux. 3. To ensure the perfect link between the core and rotor. STATOR WINDING- Each conductor must be capable of carrying rated current without overheating. The stator winding consists of two layers made up of individual bars. Windings for the stators are made of copper strips wound with insulated tape which is impregnated with varnish, dried under vacuum and hot pressed to form a solid insulation bar. These bars are then placed in the stator slots and held in with wedges to form the end turns. These end turns are rigidly placed and packed with blocks of insulation material to withstand heavy pressure. The stator bar consists of hollow (in case of 500 MW generators) solid strands distributed over the entire bar cross-section, so that good heat dissipation is ensured. In the straight slot portion the strands are transposed by 540 degrees. The transposition provides for mutual neutralization of the voltage induced in the individual strands due to slot cross field and end winding flux leakage and ensure that minimum circulating current exists. The current flowing through the conductors is thus uniformly distributed over the entire cross section so that the current dependent losses will be reduced. The alternate arrangement of one hollow strand and two solid strands ensures optimum heat removal capacity and minimum losses. The electrical connection between top and bottom bars is made by connecting sleeve. The no. of layer of insulation depends on machine voltage. The bars are brought under vacuum and impregnated with epoxy resin, which has very good penetration property due to low viscosity. After impregnation bars are subjected to pressure with nitrogen being used as pressurizing medium (VPI process). The impregnated bars are formed to the required shape on moulds and cured in an oven at high temperature to minimize the corona discharge between the insulation and slot wall a final coat of semiconducting varnish is applied to the surface of all bars within the slot range. In addition all bars are provided with an end corona protection to control the electric field at the transition from the slot to end winding. The bars consist of a large no. of separately insulated strands which are transposed to reduce the skin effect. INSULATION OF BARS- A. Vacuum pressed impregnated micaclastic high voltage insulation- The voltage insulation is provided according to the proven resin poor mice base of thermo setting epoxy system. Several half overlapped continuous layer of resin poor mica tape are applied over the bars. The number of layers or thickness of insulation depends on the machine voltage. To minimize the effect of radial forces windings hold and insulated rings are used to support the overhang. B. Corona Protection- To prevent the potential difference and possible corona discharge between the slot wall and the insulation, the section of bars are provided with outer corona protection. The protection consists of polyester fluce tape impregnated in epoxy resin with carbon and graphite as fillers. At the transition from the slot to the end winding portion of the stator bars a semiconductor tape is impregnated. C. Resistance Temperature Detector- The stator slots are provided with platinum resistant thermometer to record and watch the temperature of stator core and tooth region and between the coil sides of machine in operation. All AC machines rated for more than 5 MVA or with armature core longer, the machine is to be provided with at least 6 resistance thermometers. The thermometer should be fixed in the slot but outside the coil insulation. When the winding has more than one coil side per slot, the thermometer is to be placed between the insulated coil sides. The length of resistance thermometer depends upon the length of armature. The leads from the detector are brought out and connected to the terminal board for connection onto temperature meter or relays. Operation of RTD is based on the prime factor that the electric resistance of metallic conductor varies linearly with temperature. END COVERS- The end covers are made up of fabricated steel or aluminum castings. They are employed with guide vans on inner side for ensuring uniform distribution of air or gas. MANUFACTURING OF VARIOUS PARTS OF STATOR- Stator Core Assembly Section:- This section is present in BAY-1. Two no. core pits with core building and pressing facilities are available in this section. The section is also equipped with optical centering device, core heating installation and core loss testing facilities. Iron Assembly Section:- In BAY-2 this section has facilities for stator core assembly of Turbo Generator and Heavy Electric Motors. Stator Winding Section:- This section is present in BAY-1. The section is located in a dust- proof enclosure with one no. winding. Platform with two no. rotating installation for assembly of winding. Resistance brazing machines and high voltage transformers are also available in this section. Bar Preparation Section:- This section is present in BAY-1. This section consists of milling machine for long preparation, installation for insulation of tension bolts for stator and preparation of stator winding before assembly. The three phase winding is a fractional pitch two layer type consisting of individual bars. Armature Section:- This section is equipped with installations like bandaging machines, tensioning devices, Magnetic putty application machine and 45 KW MF brazing machines for laying windings in large size DC armatures. Cooling:- Heat losses arising in the generator are dissipated through hydrogen. The heat dissipating capacity of hydrogen is eight times to that of air. ROTOR:- The moving or rotating part of generator is known as rotor. The axial length of shaft of the rotor is very large as compared to its diameter in case of turbo generators. It is coiled heavily (field coils) as it has to support large amount of current and voltage. Rotor revolves in most generators at a speed of 3000rpm. Field coils are wound over it to make the magnetic poles and to maintain magnetic strength the winding must carry a very high current. As current flows heat is generated, but the temperature has to be maintained because as temperature raises problems with insulation becomes more pronounced. With good design and great care this problem can be solved. ROTOR SHAFT:- The rotor shaft is cold rolled forging 26N1 or MOV116 grade and it is imported from Japan and Italy. Rotor shaft is a single piece. The longitudinal slots are distributed over its circumference. After completion, the rotor is balanced in the various planes and different speed and then subjected to an over speed test at 120% of rotor speed. The rotor consists of electrically active portion and two shaft ends approximately 60 % of rotor body circumference have longitudinal slots which hold the field winding. Slots pitch is selected so that the two solid poles are displaced by 180 degree the rotor wedges act as damper winding within the range of winding slots. The rotor teeth at the rotor body are provided in radial and axial poles enabling cooling air to be discharged. Various Steps Involved In Rotor Machining:- SHAFT MACHINING:- It involves finishing of shaft by machining it with a central lathe machine. It is done in accordance to the engineering drawing design. Special care is taken to maintain the tolerance level. SLOTTING:- Two types of machines do slotting, air cooled and liquid cooled. Slotting is done diametrically. First the shaft is made to rest on two horizontal plates and is firmly attached to them with the help of chains which exerts load and with the help of jack so that it handles the vibrations produced during the slotting process. Now the centre is marked and slotting is done. After slotting is done through one side the shaft is rotated to the diametrically opposite end of the slotted portion and then again slotting of that portion is done. It is done in diametrically opposite ends so as to prevent bristling of slot due to mechanical vibrations. ROTOR WINDING:- Rotor winding involves coiling of rotor. It is a two pole rotor. Rotor coils are made of pure copper + 0.2% silver, which has high tensile as well as temperature bearing properties. The coil doesn’t deform even at high temperatures as on adding silver the thermal stresses are eliminated. Rotor winding is also known as field winding which is wound in longitudinal slots in rotor. ROTOR SLOT WEDGES:- To protect the rotor windings against the effects of centrifugal force and the secured in slots with wedges. Slot wedges are made of copper-nickel-silicon alloy featuring high temperature resistance and high strength. There is retaining ring, which protects the rotor from the impact of centrifugal force on end windings. Comprehensive tests such as ultrasonic examination and liquid penetration examination are carried out in the coils. To ensure low contact resistance, retaining rings are coated with nickel, aluminum and silver by three step flame-spraying process. ROTOR WINDING:- The winding consist of several coils inserted into the slots and the series connected such that two coils group to form one pole. Each coil consist of several series connected turns each of which consist of two half turns connected by brazing in end section. The individual turn of coil are insulated against each other by interlayer insulation. L- shaped strip of laminated epoxy glass fiber with nomex filter are used for slot insulation. The slot wedges are made up of high electrical conductivity material and thus act as damper winding. At their ends, the slots wedges are short circuited through the rotor body. When rotor is rotating at high speed, the centrifugal forces tries to lift the winding out of slots, they are contained by wedges. Construction of field windings:- The field winding consists of several series connected coils into the longitudinal slots of body. The coils are wound so that two poles are obtained. The solid conductors have a rectangular cross-section. These coils are formed arranging together the 14 no. of strips which makes a half of the coil which means that total 28 strips are used to make single coil of the field winding. Depending upon the type of cooling there are 8 solid and 6 hollow strips in each half of the coil. Let us understand it with help of the flow chart: • Coils placed together. • Then Teflon insulation is done on them. • A total of 13 layers are wrapped. • Then epoxy glass tape is wrapped around. • A card board of paper thickness is placed to keep the Coils separated. • Then a varnish of 7556 is wrapped on it. • Then kept free heating of about 6 hrs is done. • Then a free heating of about 1.5 hr is done at low pressure of about 30 kg and 115*c temperature. • Then for 45 minutes it is heated at temperature of about 130*c and pressure is increased to 200 kg. • Then keeping the pressure constant the temperature is raised to around 160*c and coils are heated for around 3 hrs. • Then the coils are removed off the pressure gradually and cooled by spraying water so now the temperature reaches 60*c then left to cool slowly and the coils are ready to be wedged in the slots. • Then the coils placed in the slots and tighten up to prevent the loosening by tightening rings. • There are 7 turns per pole per pitch and rotor of 210 MW is ready to test. There is a slight difference in formation of coils 500 MW Turbo-Generator. In those generators the coils are arranged in the following manner:- • Firstly they alternate hollow and solid conductors. • There are two solid conductors for every hollow strip and they are marked as:- 1. A- Which has 7 conductors. 2. B-G where they have 9 conductors each coil. 3. They are transposed by 540* as it removes air gap and improves cross over insulation. 4. It increases mechanical strength and help in producing equal E.M.F across all the conductors. 5. The insulation is molding mica mite. 6. Testing involving the coils are thermal shock testing hot and cold. 7. This testing is done to check the strength of brazing so that there is no water leakage and as a result it can bear thermal stresses easily. Nitrogen test is also performed for cleaning and leakage purposes and finally impregnating it through vacuum impregnation technique. The vacuum impregnation technique is the latest technique to insulate the windings of stator and not used in rotors of any of the generators being used in the power plants nowadays. The process above is discussed is also known as transposition, which involves the bending of the strips used in forming the coil of either rotor or stator. Conductor material:- The conductors are made up of copper with silver content of approx. 0.1%. As compared to electrolytic copper silver alloyed copper features high strength properties at high temperature so that coil deformations due to thermal stresses are eliminated. Insulation:- The insulation between the individual turns is made up of layer of glass fiber laminate the coils are insulated from the rotor body with L-shaped strip of glass fiber laminate with nomex interlines to obtain the required leakage path between the coil and rotor body, thick top strips of glass fiber laminate are inserted below wedge. The top strip are provided with axial slots of same cross-section and spacing and used on the rotor winding. ROTOR RETAINING RINGS:- The centrifugal forces of the end windings are contained by piece rotor retaining rings. Retaining rings are made up of non-magnetic high strength steel in order to reduce the stray losses. Ring so inserted is shrunk on the rotor is an overhang position. The retaining ring is secured in the axial position by snap rings. The rotor retaining rings withstand the centrifugal forces due to end winding. One end of each ring is shrunk fitted on the rotor body while the other hand overhangs the end winding without contact on the rotor shaft. This ensures unobstructed shaft deflection at end windings. The shrunk on hub on the end of the retaining ring serves to reinforce the retaining ring and serves the end winding in the axial direction. At the same time, a snap ring is provided against axial displacement of retaining ring. To reduce the stray losses and have high strength, the rings are made up of non- magnetic cold worked material. ROTOR FANS:- The cooling air in generator is cold by two axial flow fans located at the rotor shaft one at each end augment the cooling of the winding. The blades of fan have threaded roots for screwed into the rotor shaft. Blades are drop forged from aluminum alloy. Threaded root fastenings permit angle to be changed. Each blade is screwed at its root with a threaded pin. BEARINGS:- The turbo generators are provided with pressure lubricated self aligning type bearing to ensure higher mechanical stability and reduced vibration in operation. The bearings are provided with suitable temperature element to monitor bearing metal temperature in operation. The temperature of each bearing monitored with two RTD’s (resistance thermo detector) embedded in the bearing sleeve such that the measuring point is located directly below Babbitt. Bearing have provision for vibration pickup to monitor shaft vibration. To prevent damage to the journal due to shaft current, bearings and coil piping on either side of the non-drive and bearings are insulated from the foundation frame. FIELD CURRENT LEAD IN SHAFT BASE:- Leads are run in axial direction from the radial bolt of the exciter coupling. They consist of low semi-circular conductors insulated from each other and from the shaft by a tube. The field current leads are coupled with exciter leads through a multi contact plug in which allows unobstructed thermal expansion of field current. ROTOR ASSEMBLY:- Rotor winding assembly and rotor assembly and rotor assembly like rotor retaining ring fitting. All these four assemblies are carried out in a rotor assembly section present in BAY-1. This section is also in a dust-proof enclosure with no. of rotators, rotor bars laying facilities and MI heating and mounting of retaining rings. MACHINE SECTION:- This section is present in BAY-2 (Turbo- Generators and Heavy Motors). This section is equipped with large size CNC and conventional machine tools such as Lathes and Vertical Boring, Horizontal Boring machine, Rotor slot milling and Radial drilling machines for machining stator body, rotor shaft End shields, Bearing etc for Turbo- generators. Same section is present in Bay-3 (Medium size motors) equipped with Medium size machine tools for machining components for medium size AC and DC machines and smaller components of Turbo-generators and Hydro generators. VENTILLATION AND COOLING SYSTEM:- VENTILATION SYSTEM:- The machine is designed with ventilation system having rated pressure. The axial fans mounted on either side of rotor ensure circulation of hydrogen gas. The rotor is designed for radial ventilation by stem. The end stator is packets and core clamping and is intensively cooled through special ventilation system. Design of special ventilation is to ensure almost uniform temperature of rotor windings and stator core. COOLING SYSTEM:- STATOR COOLING SYSTEM:- The stator winding is cooled by distillate water which is fed from one end of the machine by Teflon tube and flows through the upper bar and returns back through the lower bar of a slot. Turbo generator requires water cooling arrangement over and above the usual hydrogen cooling arrangement. The stator is cooled in this system by circulating demineralized water trough hollow conductors. The cooling was used for cooling of stator winding and for the use of very high quality of cooling water. For this purpose DM water of proper specifying resistance is selected. Generator is to be loaded within a very short period. If the specific resistance of cooling DM water goes beyond preset value. The system is designed to maintain a constant rate of cooling water flow through the stator winding at a nominal inlet with temperature of 40 degree centigrade, the cooling water is again cooled by water which is also demineralized to avoid contamination with any impure water in case of cooler tube leakage, the secondary DM cooling water is in turn cooled by Clarified water taken from clarified water heater. ROTOR COOLING SYSTEM:- The rotor is cooled by means of gap pickup cooling, where the hydrogen gas in the air gap is sucked through the scoops on the rotor and is directed to flow along the ventilating canals milled on the sides of the rotor coil, to the bottom of slot where it takes a turn and comes out on the similar canal milled on the other side of the rotor coil to the hot zone of the rotor, Due to the rotation of the rotor, a positive section as well as discharge is created due to which a certain quantity of a gas flows and cools the rotor. The method of cooling gives uniform distribution of temperature. Also this method has an inherent of eliminating the deformation of copper due to varying temperature. HYDROGEN COOLING SYSTEM:- Hydrogen is used as a cooling medium in large capacity generators in views of highest carrying capacity and low density. Also in order to prevent used hydrogen from generators, casing and sealing The system is capable of performing following system: • Filing in and purging of hydrogen safely without bringing in contact with air. • Maintaining the gas pressure inside the machine at desired value at all the times. • Providing indication to the operator about the condition of the gas inside the machine the pressure, temperature and purity. • Continuous circulation of gas inside the machine through a drier in order to remove any water vapors that may be present in it. • Indication of liquid level in the generator and alarm in case of high level. GENERATOR SEALING SYSTEM:- Seals are employed to prevent the leakage of hydrogen from the stator at the point of rotor exit. A continuous film between a rotor collar and the seal liner is maintained by measurement of the oil at pressure above the casing hydrogen gas pressure. EXCITATION SYSTEM:- EXCITER:- The basic use of given exciter system is to produce necessary DC for turbo generator system. Principal behind this is that PMG is mounted on the common shaft which generates electricity and that is fed to yoke of main exciter. This exciter generates electricity and this is of AC in nature. EXCITER ROTOR This AC is that converted into DC and is that fed to turbo generator via C/C bolt. For rectifying purpose we have RC block and diode circuit. The most beautiful feature is of this type of exciter is that is automatically divides the magnitude of current to be circulated in rotor circuit. This happens with the help of AVR regulator which means automatic voltage regulator. A feedback path is given to this system which compares theoretical value to predetermine and than it sends the current to rotor as per requirement. The brushless exciter mainly consists of:- 1. rectifier wheels 2. three phase main exciter 3. three phase pilot exciter 4. Metering and supervisory equipment. The brushes exciter is an AC exciter with rotating armature and stationery field. The armature is connected to rotating rectifier bridges for rectifying AC voltage induced to armature to DC voltage. The pilot exciter is a PMG (permanent magnet generator). The PMG is also an AC machine with stationery armature and rotating field. When the generator rotates at the rated speed, the PMG generates 220 V at 50 hertz to provide power supply to automatic voltage regulator. A common shaft carries the rectifier wheels the rotor of main exciter and the permanent magnet rotor of pilot exciter. The shaft is rigidly coupled to generator rotor and exciter rotors are than supported on these bearings. BAY IV (SMALL AND MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS):- Facilities available in the various sections are as follows:- MACHINE SECTION:- The machine section of Bay-4 is equipped with small and medium size CNC & conventional machine tools like centre lathes, milling, radial drilling, cylindrical grinding, slotting, copy turning lathe, internal grinding and surface grinding machines. Small-size and miscellaneous components for Turbo-generators, Hydro generators and Motors are machined in this section. POLE COIL SECTION:- COILING SECTION:- This section is equipped with baking oven , pneumatic shearing machines , semi-automatic winding machines , pole straightening installations , electric furnace for bright annealing of copper , tinning installation and hydraulic press (800 Ton capacity ) for manufacturing Pole Coils of DC motors , AC synchronous motors and hydro generators . Pole assembly is also carried out in this section. Manufacturing of coils (hydro generators) taken in this section. German copper coils are initially in the form of rolls. These rolls are then undergoes following processes to change into copper coils which are then mounted with poles. 1. ANNEALING PROCESS:- • This is the process of hardening or softening any metal. • Initially copper rolls are hard & if it undergoes annealing then it may breaks so firstly to make it soft so that it can easily change to winding. • This process is carried out in the annealing furnace. 2. WINDING PROCESS:- • Take out the softened copper rolls for pole coil winding. • Winding is done with the help of change plate & winding template so ensure major working dimensions of change plate & winding template with respect to tool drawing. • Adjust & set the winding machine as per the product standards using gear rack, change plate & winding template. Ensure parallelity of winding template with respect to machine platform. Maintain height of winding template with platform. Wind the coil in anticlockwise direction. • The joint in the copper coil shall be located in the straight part of longer side. • If required heating by gas torch of copper profile at corner zone at temperature between 100-150 degree centigrade is allowed. This is to make easier bending. 3. BRAZZING:- • Braze the joint with brazing alloy Ag40Cd. • Remove the coil with machine with 2 to 3 turns extra than the actual number of turns for preparation of end-half turns. • Carry out bright annealing of the coil. Take out the coil from the oven after annealing. 4. PRESSING:- • Pressing of coil is done by hydraulic pressure of 800 tons. • This process is carried out in order to remove wrinkles from the coil. • This process is carried out after every process. In this process, set the coil on the mandrel for pressing then slide the coil under press and press the coil. • Take out the coil from press. 5. FIXING:- • Fix the accessory on the stretching machine. • Put the coil on the stretching machine& pull the coil to the drawing dimensions. • Dress the conductors along periphery & take out the coil. • Check window dimensions as per drawing. 6. SEPRATION:- • Remove the buckling of each coil manually. • Grind the bulging of the copper at place of binding (inner side) with pneumatic grinder. • Check the thickness of the profiled copper with the gauge. Grinding shall be uniform & of smooth finish. • Round of sharp edges. 7. PICKLING:- • Send the coil for pickling to block 4 & check the quality of pickling. • Press the coil again after pickling then remove pressure and take out. • Prepare end half turn as per drawing with template. • Braze item 2 & 3 corresponding to the variant with end half turn with brazing alloy. 8. FINISHING:- • Hang the coil on stand and separate out turns. • Remove black spots, burrs the sharp edges and clean the coil turns with cotton dipped in thinner. • Press the coil again and check the height of the coil under press • to check dimensions as per drawing. • Take out the coil from the press and send for insulation. 9. INSULATION:- • Hang the coil on stand and separate out the turn. • Clean each turn with cotton dipped in thinner. • Apply Epoxy varnish on both sides of each turn with brush uniformly all over the leaving top & bottom turn. • Cut strips of Nomax paper as per contour of coil with technological allowance 3 to 5 mm on either side. • Stick two layers of Nomax strips between each turn. • Coat varnish layer between two layers of Nomax also. • Let the excess varnish to flow out some time. 10. BAKING AND PRESSING OF COIL:- • Place the coil on mandrel putting technological washer at top & bottom of the coil. • Heat the coil by DC up to 100 +/-5o C , and maintain for 30 to 40 minutes. • Switch off the supply and elongate the coil and tight the pressing blocks from sides. • Start heating coil again and raise temperature gradually in steps up to 130 +/- 5o C ,with in 10 +/- 10 minutes. • Apply 110 tones pressure and maintain for 20 to 30 minutes. Then after every half an hour, increases the pressure and temperature according to product requirement. • Stop heating and then allow cooling the coil under pressure below 50o C, and taking out the coil from the press. 11. CLEANING AND DRYING:- • Clean outer and inner surface of projected insulation by means of shop made scrubber. • Flow dry compressed air after cleaning. • Check height and window dimensions as per drawing. • Check no gap between the turns. • Test the coil from inter turn test at 116 volts AC at a pressure of 480 tons in 5 minutes. • Coat the coil with two layers of epoxy red gel. TURBO ROTOR COIL SECTION:- This section is equipped with copper straightening and cutting machines, edge bending machines, installation for forming and brazing, 10-block hydraulic press and installation for insulation filling. Rotor coils for water cooled generators (210 /235 MW) are manufactured in this section. IMPREGNATION SECTION:- This section is equipped with electric drying ovens, Air drying booths, Bath for armature / rotor impregnation. Rotors / armatures of AC and DC motors are impregnated in this section. BABBITING SECTION:- This section is equipped with alkaline degreasing baths, hot and cold rinsing baths, pickling baths, tinning bath, and electric furnaces and centrifugal babbitting machines, Babbitting of bearing liners for Turbo generators, Turbines, Hydro generators, AC motors and DC motors is carried out in this section. TEST STAND:- Turbo-generators Test Bed -The Test Bed for Turbo-generators and Heavy motors is equipped with one no. 6 MW drive motor and a tests pit for carrying out testing of Turbo-generators and Heavy motors. Open circuit, short circuit, temperature rise, hydraulic and hydrogen leakage test etc., are carried out here for Turbo-generators. AC motors up to 11 MVA capacity and DC machines up to 5000 amps and 850 volt can also be tested. Two DC drive motors of 2200 KW and one of 1500 KW are available for type testing of motors. Data logging equipment is also available. LARGE SIZE TURBO GENERATOR TEST STAND (LSTG):- It is equipped with a 12 MW drive motor and two number test pits. Open circuit ,short circuit , sudden short circuit , temperature rise , hydraulic & hydrogen leakage tests are carried out here Large size Turbo-generators. This test bed can presently test of unit capacity up to 500 MW. With certain addition in facilities (Higher capacity Drive motor and EOT cranes and modification in controls and auxiliary systems), Turbo-generators of unit size up to1000 MW can be tested. HELIUM LEAK TEST:- PURPOSE:- To check any leakage of gas from stator and rotor as if there is any leakage of gas used for cooling such as hydrogen then it may cause an explosion. Testing of stator frame involves two types of testing: HYDRAULIC TESTING AND PNEUMATIC TESTING:- Hydraulic testing involves in empty stator frame with attached end shields and terminal box is subjected to a hydraulic test at 10 bar to ensure that it will be capable of withstanding maximum explosion pressure. The pneumatic testing involves filling of hydrogen in the sealed stator frame and then soap water is used to check the leakage of welding. BREIF SUMMARY OF C.I.M- BLOCK -4:- BAY-1: Bar winding shop: Manufacturing of stator bars of generator. BAY-2: Manufacturing of motor stator coil, DC armature coil, and main pole. Coil, inter-pole coil, equalizer coil etc. BAY-3: Insulating detail shop: Manufacturing of hard insulation & machining o f hard insulation part such as packing, washer, insulation box, wedges etc. Bar Shop: This shop is meant for manufacturing of stator winding coils of generator that may be turbo generator and hydro generator. Why do we call it bar: It is quite difficult to manufacture, handle and wind the coil in stator slot of generator o f higher generation capacity because of its bigger size and heavy weight. That is why we make coil in two parts. One part is bottom part of coil called bottom or lower bar and other part of coil is called top bar or upper bar. HG bars: The manufacturing of bars of different capacity as required by the consumer depends upon the water head available at site. The Hydro generator is air cooled generator of lesser length in comparison to its bigger diameter. Turbo-Generator: The manufacturing of bars of standard capacity such as 100MW,130MW, 150MW, 210/235MW, 500MW,600MW. The plant has capacity and technology to manufacture 800MW and 1000MW generators. Insulation Classification: Thermal classification of insulation depends upon the temperature withstand capacity of the insulation. Class- Y up to 90 degree centigrade. Class- A up to 105 degree centigrade. Class- E up to 120 degree centigrade. Class- B up to 130 degree centigrade. Class- F up to150 degree centigrade. Class- H up to 180 degree centigrade. Class- C > 180 and up to 220 degree centigrade. PROJECT: (MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF TURBO-GENERATOR) :- FLOW CHART OF THE PROCESS: • Conductor Draw from Store. • Conductor cutting and end cleaning. • Transposition of conductor. • Assembly of all conductors to be used in stator Bars. • Cross over insulation. • Consolidation if slot portion of Bar. • I.S. Test (i.e. inter strand test). • Forming or Bar (to shape overhang portion). • Pickling of bar ends(1) • Mounting of Contact sleeve & bottom part of water box. • Brazing of Contact sleeve & bottom part of water box. • Pickling of bar ends(2) • Mounting of water box leak test. • Repickling. • Water flow and N2 test. • Thermal Shock Application. • Helium Leak Test. • Reforming of Bar. (i.e. overhang portion). • Insulation of bar on CNC machine. • Surface finishing of stator bar. • OCP on stator Bar. • Preparation of bar for HV and TanQ Test. • If O.K. Dispatch to Bicck-1 for laying in the generator. (CONDUCTOR BARS) MANFACTURING PROCESS:- 1. CUTTING:- This process is done by automatic 3 -444CNC machine. In this process the pre insulated copper conductor is cut into number of required length. Insulation is removed from both ends of the conductor cut. 2. Transposition: Transposition means changing/shifting of position of each conductor in active core (slot) part. After cutting the required number of conductors, the conductors are arranged on the comb in staggered manner and then bends are given to the conductors with the help of bending die at required distance. Then the conductors are taken out from the comb and die and placed with their ends in a line and transposition is carried out. This process is repeated for making another half of the bar which would be mirror image of the first half. The two halves of the bar are overlapped over each other and a spacer is p laced between the two - halves. • Equalize the voltage generator. • To minimize skin effect of ac current so small cross section of conductor is used and also hollow conductor are used to effect cooling by D.M. water. • To reduce the eddy current loses. 3. Crossover Insulation :- The pre insulation of the copper conductor may get damaged due to mechanical bending in die during transposition, hence the insulating spacers are provided at the crossover portion of the conductors. A filler material (insulating putty or moulding micanite)is provided along the height of the bar to maintain the rectangular shape and to cover t he difference of level of conductors. To eliminate inter turn short at bends during edges wise bending and leveling of bars in slots port ion for proper stack pressing. 4. Stack Consolidation :- The core part of the bar stack is pressed in press (closed box) under pressure (varies from product to product) and temperature of 160 C for a given period. The consolidated stack is withdrawn from the press and the dimensions are checked. 5. Inter Strand Short Test:- The consolidated oar stack is tested for the short between any two conductors in the bar, if found then it has to be rectified. This is done to ensure that no local current is flowing due to short circuit between conductors.(300 A/C supply). 6. Forming :- The straight bar stack is formed as per overhang profile (as per design), The overhang portion is consolidated after forming. 7. Brazing of coil lugs :- For water cooled generator bars, the electrical connection contact and water box for inlet and outlet o f water are brazed. 8. Nitrogen Leak Test :- The bar is tested for water flow test, nitrogen leak test and pressure test for given duration. 9. Thermal shock test:- The cycles of hot (80C) and cold (30°C) water are flow through the bar to ensure the thermal expansion and contraction of the joints. 10. Helium leakage test:- After thermal shock test bar is tested for any leakage with the help of helium gas. 11. Insulation:- The bar is insulated with the given number of layers to build the wall thickness of insulation subjected to the generating voltage of the machine. 12. Impregnation and baking:- a) Thermoreactive system: In case of rich resin insulation the bar is pressed in closed box in heated condition and baked under pressure and temperature as per requirement for a given period. b) Micalastic system: In case of poor resin system the insulated bars are heated under vacuum and the impregnated (dipped) in heated resin so that all the air gaps are filled, layer by layer, with resin. Then extra resin is drained out and bars are heated and baked under pressed condition in closed box fixture. VPI Micalastic system: The bars already laid in closed fixture and full fixture is impregnated (dipped) in resin and then fixture with box is baked under given temperature for given duration. VIP Micalastic system: The individual (separate) bar is heated in vacuum and impregnated in resin. Then bar is taken out and pressed in closed box fixture and then baked at given temperature for given duration. 13. Finishing:- The baked and dimensionally correct bars are sanded-off to smoothen the edges and the surface is calibrated, if required, for the dimension. 14. Conducting varnish coating:- • OCP (Outer Corona Protection) coating: The black semi-conducting varnish coating is applied on the bar surface o n the core length. • ECP (End Corona Protection) coating: The grey semi-conducting varnish is applied at the bend outside core end of bars in gradient to prevent from discharge and minimize the end corona. 15. Testing:- a) Tan@ test: This test is carried out to ensure the healthiness of dielectric (Insulation) i.e. dense or rare and measured the capacitance loss. b) H.V. Test: Each bar is tested momentary at high voltage increased gradually to three times higher than rated voltage. 16. Dispatched for Winding :- The bars preserved with polythene sleeves to protect from dust, dirt, oil, rain etc are send to Block-I (Electric Machines Production Block I, Turbo Generators and Hydro Generators) for winding. REFERENCES:- • Material provided by t he training in charge. • Internet. • Electrical machines(J.B.GUPTA).

Tuesday, June 28, 2011

Application of thermodynamics in electrical engineering

Thermodynamics-
Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and mechanical work, and subsequently the macroscopic variables such as temperature, volume and pressure. Thermodynamics is the branch of science or physics that studies various forms of energies and their conversion from one form to the other like electrical energy to mechanical energy, heat to electrical, chemical to mechanical, wind to electrical etc.

Historically, thermodynamics developed out of a need to increase the efficiency of early steam engines, particularly through the work of French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars. The first to give a concise definition of the subject was Scottish physicist William Thomson who in 1854 stated that:
Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency.
Introduction-
The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations are the laws of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or work. They also postulate the existence of a quantity named entropy, which can be defined for any isolated system that is in thermodynamic equilibrium.[8]
In thermodynamics, interactions between large ensembles of objects are studied and categorized. Central to this are the concepts of system and surroundings. A system is composed of particles, whose average motions define its properties, which in turn are related to one another through equations of state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamic potentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and spontaneous processes.
With these tools, thermodynamics can be used to describe how systems respond to changes in their environment. This can be applied to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, such as engines, phase transitions, chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and even black holes. The results of thermodynamics are essential for other fields of physics and for chemistry, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, cell biology, biomedical engineering, materials science, and economics, to name a few.

Application of thermodynamics in electrical engineering-
1.Temperature measurement using NTC thermistors
2. Thermal considerations in using semiconductorsUse of heat sinks. Use of forced air.
3. Use of LM339 temperature sensitive diode, design of gain and offset circuitry to interface with analog to digital converter spanning range of 0.0 to 5.0 Volts, use of 4051 analog multiplexer under control of printer port to make up to eight measurements.
4. Running NTC thermistor in self heat mode to detect air movement and as fluid detector.
1. Temperature measurement using NTC thermistors
One of the easiest ways to measure temperature is to use a Wheatstone bridge (see drawing below). In a normal operation of the bridge, R3 is a variable resistor or a potentiometer. We will zero the bridge at 25°C using the potentiometer installed at R3 position. Next we will record the voltage versus temperature reading of the bridge. You will find that this is very linear, especially in the range of 0°C to 70°C. In this manner the output voltage would be a good indicator of temperature.
R 1 / R3 = R2 / Rt Þ condition of bridge being in balance @ 25°C
Where:
R1 = 250W, R2 =1000 W, R3 = 2500W, Rt = 10,000W.
The bridge voltage in circuit diagram (1) is now easily calculated using the formula below:
Vb = [ R3 / (R1 + R3) ] - [ Rt / (R2 + Rt) ] Vs eqn 3
Where:
1. Vs = Source Voltage = 7.55 volt DC Max
2. Vb = Bridge Voltage
Now: using the equation 3 (eqn 3) and the resistance versus temperature curve for NTC thermistor we can accurately predict the voltage at any temperature or vice versa.
This is very accurate and repeatable since the bridge aids linearize the NTC effect.
As an example:
(EX) Predict the voltage drop at temperature of 40°C
(A) At 40°C R t = 5282Ω, from Ametherm curves.
Using eqn 3, Vb = í[2500/(2500+250)] - [ 5282/(5282 + 1000)]ý (7.55v) = 0.5154
Refer to chart #1: T= 39°C Þ 0.519V and T= 38°C = 0.482V
Interpolating to the tenth of °C we will have (0.519) - (0.482) / 10 =0.0037
Therefore if we subtract 0.519-0.0037 = 0.5153 =38.9°C
Although our target was for 40°C, this was done to illustrate the effect of selecting a part, which has a tolerance of ± 2.2°C.

Calender program in C++

#include
using namespace std;
#include "stdlib.h"
void main ()

{
int year=1;
int yearstart=0;
int century=0;
int monthstart=0;
int endofweek=0;
int monthdays[]= {31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
int dayon[]= {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1};
int month;
int currentyear;
int currentmonth;
int daysincalendaryearpriortocalendarmonth;
int daysinwholeyearssince1800;
int totalnumdays;
int daysinmonth;
int numblankdays=0;
int day;
int start;
int startday;

cout<<"Enter a year between 1800 & 2100 for the calendar you wish to produce"<>year;

if (year<1800 || year>2100)
cout<<"not a valid year"<>month;

if (month<0 || month>12)
cout<<"not a valid month"<
if (month ==1)
cout<<" january,"<<" "< if (month ==2)
cout<<" february,"<<" "< if (month ==3)
cout<<" march,"<<" "< if (month ==4)
cout<<" april,"<<" "< if (month ==5)
cout<<" may,"<<" "< if (month ==6)
cout<<" june,"<<" "< if (month ==7)
cout<<" july,"<<" "< if (month ==8)
cout<<" august,"<<" "< if (month ==9)
cout<<" september,"<<" "< if (month ==10)
cout<<" october,"<<" "< if (month ==11)
cout<<" november,"<<" "< if (month ==12)
cout<<" december,"<<" "<
cout<<"Sun"<<" "<<"Mon"<<" "<<"Tue"<<" "<<"Wed"<<" "<<"Thu"<<" "<<"Fri"<<" "<<"Sat"<
if (month==1 || month==3 || month==5 || month==7 || month==8 || month==10 || month==12)
daysinmonth=31;

if (month==4 || month==6 || month==9 || month==11)
daysinmonth=30;

if (month==2 & ((year % 400==0) || (year %4==0 && year % 100 !=0)))
daysinmonth=29;

if (month==2 & ((year % 400!=0) || (year %4!=0 && year % 100 ==0)))
daysinmonth=28;

//find start day

// steps 4-7 get total number of days algorithm
//step 4
while (currentyear {
//step 5
if ((year % 400==0) || (year %4==0 && year % 100 !=0))

daysinwholeyearssince1800 += 366;
else
daysinwholeyearssince1800 += 365;

Saturday, June 25, 2011

Assignment

Object oriented programming

Que-1-

Abstract class's can have a constructor, but you cannot access it through the object, since you cannot instantiate abstract class. To access the constructor create a sub class and extend the abstract class which is having the constructor. Example public abstract class AbstractExample { public AbstractExample(){ System.out.println("In AbstractExample()"); } } public class Test extends AbstractExample{ public static void main(String args[]){ Test obj=new Test(); } } If interface & abstract class have same methods and those methods contain no implementation, which one would you prefer? Obviously one should ideally go for an interface, as we can only extend one class.

Because abstract classes should never be instantiated, it is important to correctly define their constructors. It is also important to ensure that the functionality of your abstract class is correct and easily extended. If you define a protected constructor in an abstract class, the base class can perform initialization tasks when instances of a derived class are created. An internal constructor prevents the abstract class from being used as the base class of types that are not in the same assembly as the abstract class. Constructors with public or protected internal visibility are for types that can be instantiated. Abstract types can never be instantiated.

Que-2-

#include<conio.h>
	#include<iostream.h>

	#include<stdlib.h>

	int main()
	{

	int *ptr,i,n;
	clrscr();

	cout<<"Enter the no of elements:";
	Cin<<&n;

	ptr=(int )malloc(sizeof(int)n);
	if(ptr==NULL)

	{
	Cout<<"Not enough memory";

	exit(1);
	}

	for(i=0; i<n; i++)
	{

	cout<<"Enter element : "<<i+1;
	cin<<&ptr[i];

	}
	cout<<"Array in original order\n";

	for(i=0; i<n; i++)
	{

	Cout<<"\n"<<ptr[i]);
	}

	cout<<"Array in reverse order\n";
	for(i=n-1; i>=0; i--)

	{
	Cout<<ptr[i]);

	}
	getch();

	return 0;
	}

Que-3-

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

int search_name(const string find_name[], const string in_name, int size1);

// Function to search for an inputted student name in the name[] array

int main()

{

int size, *test1, *test2, *test3, score1, score2, score3, choice2;

char choice, dummy;

string *name, student, find_student;

ifstream infile;

ofstream outfile;

cout << "hello\n";

infile.open("scores.txt");

if (infile.fail())

{

cout << "Cannot open data file\nProgram halted\n\n";

exit(1);

}

infile >> size;

test1 = new int[size];

test2 = new int[size];

test3 = new int[size];

name = new string[size];

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{

infile >> student >> score1 >> score2 >> score3;

name[i] = student;

test1[i] = score1;

test2[i] = score2;

test3[i] = score3;

}

{

system("cls");

cout << "Welcome to Test Score 2000\n\n\n"

<< "Please choose from the following:\n\n"

<< "A. Display all student scores for a single test\n"

<< "B. Display all scores and an average for a single student\n"

<< "C. Display class average for each test along with the highest and lowest score\n"

<< "Q. End Program\n\n"

<< "<=SELECTION=> ";

cin >> choice;

choice = toupper(choice);

switch (choice)

{

case 'A':

{

system("cls");

cout << "Please input which test scores you would like to view - 1, 2, or 3.\n"

<< "Input 0 to return to main menu ==> ";

cin >> choice2;

switch (choice2)

{

case 1:

{

cout << "\nTest " << choice2 << endl

<< "========================================\n";

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{

cout << name[i] << "\t\t" << test1[i] << endl << endl;

}

cout << "\n\nHit Enter to continue....";

cin.ignore(100,'\n');

cin.get(dummy);

break;

}

case 2:

{

cout << "\nTest " << choice2 << endl

<< "========================================\n";

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{

cout << name[i] << "\t\t" << test2[i] << endl << endl;

}

cout << "\n\nHit Enter to continue....";

cin.ignore(100,'\n');

cin.get(dummy);

break;

}

case 3:

{

cout << "\nTest " << choice2 << endl

<< "========================================\n";

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{

cout << name[i] << "\t\t" << test3[i] << endl << endl;

}

cout << "\n\nHit Enter to continue....";

cin.ignore(100,'\n');

cin.get(dummy);

break;

}

case 0:

break;

default:

{

cout << "\nIncorrect input, please try again!\n";

out << "\n\nHit Enter to continue....";

cin.ignore(100,'\n');

cin.get(dummy);

}

} while (choice2 != 0);

}

break;

case 'B':

{

system("cls");

int i;

cout << "Please choose from the following students or input QQQ to return:\n\n";

for (int num = 0; num < size; num++)

{

cout << name[num] << endl;

}

cout << "\n==> ";

cin >> find_student;

i = search_name(name, find_student, size);

if (i < 0)

cout << "Name not found, please try again!\n";

else

{

cout << "\nStudent\tTest 1\tTest 2\tTest 3\tAverage\n"

<< "======================================="

<< endl << name[i] << "\t" << test1[i] << "\t" << test2[i]

<< "\t" << test3[i] << "\t" << ((test1[i] + test2[i] + test3[i]) / 3) << endl << endl;

}

cout << "\n\nHit Enter to continue....";

cin.ignore(100,'\n');

cin.get(dummy);

} while (find_student != "QQQ" || find_student != "qqq");

}

break;

case 'C':

{

system("cls");

int average1 = 0, average2 = 0, average3 = 0, hinum1, lownum1, hinum2, lownum2, hinum3, lownum3, max1 = 0, max2 = 0, max3 = 0,

min1 = 100, min2 = 100, min3 = 100;

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{

average1 += test1[i];

average2 += test2[i];

average3 += test3[i];

hinum1 = test1[i];

hinum2 = test2[i];

hinum3 = test3[i];

lownum1 = test1[i];

lownum2 = test2[i];

lownum3 = test3[i];

if (hinum1 > max1)

max1 = hinum1;

if (hinum2 > max2)

max2 =hinum2;

if (hinum3 > max3)

max3 = hinum3;

if (lownum1 < min1)

min1 = lownum1;

if (lownum2 < min2)

min2 = lownum2;

if (lownum3 < min3)

min3 = lownum3;

}

cout << "\nTest\tAverage\t\tHigh Score\tLow Score\n"

<< "=================================================\n"

<< "1\t" << (average1 / size) << "\t\t" << max1 << "\t\t" << min1 << endl

<< "2\t" << (average2 / size) << "\t\t" << max2 << "\t\t" << min2 << endl

<< "3\t" << (average3 / size) << "\t\t" << max3 << "\t\t" << min3 << endl << endl;

}

cout << "\n\nHit Enter to continue....";

cin.ignore(100,'\n');

cin.get(dummy);

break;

}

}while (choice != 'Q');

return 0;

}

int search_name(const string find_name[], const string in_name, int size1)

{

int index = 0, not_found = -1;

while (in_name != find_name[index] && index <= size1)

index++;

if (in_name != find_name[index] && index > size1)

return not_found;

else

return index;

}

Que-4-

Many programs have little need for memory management; they use a fixed amount of memory, or simply consume it until they exit. The best that can be done for such programs is to stay out of their way. Other programs, including most C++ programs, are much less deterministic, and their performance can be profoundly affected by the memory management policy they run under. Unfortunately, the memory management facilities provided by many system vendors have failed to keep pace with growth in program size and dynamic memory usage.
Because C++ code is naturally organized by class, a common response to this failure is to overload member operator new for individual classes. In addition to being tedious to implement and maintain, however, this piece-meal approach can actually hurt performance in large systems. For example, applied to a tree-node class, it forces nodes of each tree to share pages with nodes of other (probably unrelated) trees, rather than with related data. Furthermore, it tends to fragment memory by keeping large, mostly empty blocks dedicated to each class. The result can be a quick new/delete cycle that accidentally causes virtual memory thrashing. At best, the approach interferes with system-wide tuning efforts.
For ex.-

class Heap {

protected:

virtual ~Heap();

public:

virtual void* allocate(size_t) = 0;

static Heap& whatHeap(void*);

};

(The static member function whatHeap(void*) is discussed later.) Heap's abstract interface is simple enough. Given a global Heap pointer, the regular global operator new can use it:

extern Heap* __global_heap;

inline void*

operator new(size_t sz)

{ return ::__global_heap->allocate(sz); }

Inline dispatching makes it fast. It's general too; we can use the Heap interface to implement the placement operator new, providing access to any private heap:

inline void*

operator new(size_t size, Heap& heap

{ return heap.allocate(size); }

What kind of implementations might we define for the Heap interface? Of course the first must be a general purpose memory allocator, class HeapAny. (HeapAny is the memory manager described in detail in the second half of this article.) The global heap pointer, used by the regular operator new defined above, is initialized to refer to an instance of class HeapAny:

extern class HeapAny __THE_global_heap;

Heap* __global_heap = &__THE_global_heap;

Users, too, can instantiate class HeapAny to make a private heap:

HeapAny& myheap = *new HeapAny;

and allocate storage from it, using the placement operator new:

MyType* mine = new(myheap) MyType;

As promised, deletion is the same as always:

delete mine;

Now we have the basis for a memory management architecture. It seems that all we need to do is provide an appropriate implementation of class Heap for any policy we might want. As usual, life is not so simple.

Que-6-

Here are two possible solutions that define why How do the following two statements differ in operation?

cin>>c;

cin.get(c);

declare first and last to be quite large:
char first[256], last[256];
cin.getline(first, sizeof(first));
cin.getline(last, sizeof(last));
Or, in the Standard Template Library (STL) there is a string class that helps with this sitution a lot:
string first, last;
getline(cin,first);
getline(cin, last);